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Sources

Every number on PillMath comes from one of these. Official references first, then studies.

Official reference

  1. EFSA (2017). Dietary Reference Values for nutrients: Summary report. EFSA Supporting Publications
    Used on: Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Folate / Folic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin A, Zinc, Iron, Calcium, Iodine, Selenium, Potassium, Omega-3 (fish oil), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Biotin, Vitamin B complex, Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Multivitamin, Kelp
  2. EFSA (2025). Overview on Tolerable Upper Intake Levels as derived by the SCF and the EFSA NDA Panel (version 11, August 2025). EFSA
    Used on: Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin K (K1, K2), Folate / Folic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Calcium, Iodine, Selenium, Potassium, Omega-3 (fish oil), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Biotin, Vitamin B complex, Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Phosphorus, Boron, Multivitamin, Kelp
  3. EFSA NDA Panel (2016). Dietary reference values for vitamin D. EFSA Journal
    Used on: Vitamin D, Multivitamin
  4. EFSA NDA Panel (2017). Dietary reference values for vitamin K. EFSA Journal 15(5):4780
    Used on: Vitamin K (K1, K2), Multivitamin
  5. EFSA NDA Panel (2015). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol. EFSA Journal 13(7):4149
    Used on: Vitamin E, Multivitamin
  6. EFSA NDA Panel (2016). Dietary Reference Values for choline. EFSA Journal 14(8):4484
    Used on: Choline, Multivitamin
  7. EFSA (2015). Dietary reference values: magnesium and phosphorus. EFSA news
    Used on: Magnesium, Multivitamin
  8. EFSA NDA Panel (2024). Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for iron. EFSA Journal 22(6):e8819
    Used on: Iron, Multivitamin
  9. National Academies (NASEM) (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes: RDA, AI and UL tables (via NIH ODS Nutrient Recommendations). Food and Nutrition Board
    Used on: Vitamin D, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin K (K1, K2), Folate / Folic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Calcium, Iodine, Selenium, Potassium, Choline, Omega-3 (fish oil), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Biotin, Vitamin B complex, Multivitamin, Kelp
  10. Siscovick DS et al. (2017). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish oil) supplementation and the prevention of clinical cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 135:e867-e884
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  11. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Calcium: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin D, Calcium
  12. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Magnesium: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Magnesium
  13. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Zinc: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Zinc, Iron, Copper
  14. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Selenium: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Selenium
  15. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Vitamin B12: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin B12
  16. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Vitamin C: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin C
  17. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Iodine: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Iodine, Kelp
  18. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Vitamin E: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin E
  19. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Vitamin B6: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin B6
  20. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Choline: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Choline
  21. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Omega-3 fatty acids: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  22. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Niacin: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Niacin (Vitamin B3)
  23. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Potassium: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Potassium
  24. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Vitamin A: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin A
  25. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Biotin: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Biotin
  26. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Iron: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin C, Iron, Calcium
  27. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Copper: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Copper, Multivitamin
  28. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Chromium: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Chromium, Multivitamin
  29. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Manganese: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Manganese, Multivitamin
  30. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Molybdenum: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Molybdenum, Multivitamin
  31. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Phosphorus: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Phosphorus, Multivitamin
  32. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Boron: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Boron
  33. CDC (2026). National Report on Biochemical Indicators of Diet and Nutrition: Trace elements, copper. CDC
    Used on: Copper, Multivitamin
  34. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Dietary supplements for exercise and athletic performance: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
  35. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (2026). Folate: fact sheet for health professionals (checked November 2026). NIH ODS
    Used on: Vitamin B12, Folate / Folic acid
  36. US Preventive Services Task Force (2022). Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer: recommendation statement. JAMA 327:2326-2333
    Used on: Multivitamin
  37. NCCIH (2026). Turmeric (checked November 2026). National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
    Used on: Turmeric (curcumin)
  38. Linus Pauling Institute (2026). Micronutrient inadequacies: the remedy (checked November 2026). Oregon State University
    Used on: Vitamin D, Vitamin C
  39. Demay MB et al. (2024). Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109:1907-1947
    Used on: Vitamin D
  40. McCartney CR et al. (2024). Vitamin D insufficiency and epistemic humility: an Endocrine Society guideline communication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109:1948-1954
    Used on: Vitamin D

Meta-analysis

  1. Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH (2013). Meta-Analysis: Melatonin for the Treatment of Primary Sleep Disorders. PLoS One 8(5):e63773
    Used on: Melatonin
  2. Hemilä H, Chalker E (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000980
    Used on: Vitamin C
  3. Zhang X et al. (2016). Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trials. Hypertension 68(2):324-333
    Used on: Magnesium
  4. Hemilä H et al. (2017). Zinc Acetate Lozenges May Improve the Recovery Rate of Common Cold Patients: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 4(2):ofx059
    Used on: Zinc
  5. Wang H et al. (2018). Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004655
    Used on: Vitamin B12
  6. de Miranda RB, Weimer P, Rossi RC (2021). Effects of hydrolyzed collagen supplementation on skin aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 60:1449-1461
    Used on: Collagen
  7. Pu SY et al. (2023). Effects of Oral Collagen for Skin Anti-Aging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 15(9):2080
    Used on: Collagen
  8. Jolliffe DA et al. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(5)
    Used on: Vitamin D
  9. Tripkovic L et al. (2012). Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr
    Used on: Vitamin D
  10. Liao Y et al. (2019). Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 9:190
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  11. Nault D et al. (2024). Zinc for prevention and treatment of the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD014914
    Used on: Zinc
  12. Wyatt KM et al. (1999). Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. BMJ
    Used on: Vitamin B6
  13. Bolland MJ et al. (2015). Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ 351:h4580
    Used on: Calcium
  14. Wichman J et al. (2016). Selenium Supplementation Significantly Reduces Thyroid Autoantibody Levels in Patients with Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid
    Used on: Selenium
  15. Aburto NJ et al. (2013). Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ
    Used on: Potassium
  16. Chilibeck PD et al. (2017). Effect of creatine supplementation during resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscular strength in older adults: a meta-analysis. Open Access J Sports Med 8:213-226
    Used on: Creatine
  17. Prokopidis K et al. (2023). Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev
    Used on: Creatine
  18. de Souza e Silva A et al. (2019). Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ren Nutr 29(6):480-489
    Used on: Creatine
  19. Avgerinos KI et al. (2018). Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Exp Gerontol
    Used on: Creatine
  20. Cheah KL et al. (2021). Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One
    Used on: Ashwagandha
  21. Herxheimer A, Petrie KJ (Cochrane), summary in Am Fam Physician (2002). Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Am Fam Physician 66(11):2087
    Used on: Melatonin
  22. García-Coronado JM et al. (2019). Effect of collagen supplementation on osteoarthritis symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Int Orthop
    Used on: Collagen
  23. Cazzola M et al. (2015). Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 24(137):451
    Used on: NAC (N-acetylcysteine)
  24. Trexler ET et al. (2019). Acute Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on High-Intensity Strength and Power Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med
    Used on: L-Citrulline
  25. Barkhidarian B et al. (2019). Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Avicenna J Phytomed 9(1)
    Used on: L-Citrulline
  26. Tsang C et al. (2019). A meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity. Clin Obes 9:e12313
    Used on: Chromium
  27. Tian H et al. (2013). Chromium picolinate supplementation for overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD010063
    Used on: Chromium
  28. Asbaghi O et al. (2020). Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 161:105098
    Used on: Chromium
  29. Bulman A et al. (2025). The effects of L-theanine consumption on sleep outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 81:102076
    Used on: L-theanine
  30. Waldron M et al. (2018). The effects of oral taurine on resting blood pressure in humans: a meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep 20:81
    Used on: Taurine
  31. Waldron M et al. (2018). The effects of an oral taurine dose and supplementation period on endurance exercise performance in humans: a meta-analysis. Sports Med 48:1247-1253
    Used on: Taurine
  32. DiNicolantonio JJ et al. (2013). L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 88:544-551
    Used on: L-carnitine
  33. Shang R et al. (2014). Effective dosing of L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 14:88
    Used on: L-carnitine
  34. Yarizadh H et al. (2020). The effect of L-carnitine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Nutr 39:457-468
    Used on: L-carnitine
  35. Sutanto CN et al. (2022). The impact of tryptophan supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Nutr Rev 80:306-316
    Used on: L-tryptophan
  36. Javelle F et al. (2020). Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on distinct types of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 78:77-88
    Used on: 5-HTP
  37. Shaw K et al. (2002). Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003198
    Used on: 5-HTP
  38. Saunders B et al. (2017). β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 51:658-669
    Used on: Beta-alanine
  39. Fedewa MV et al. (2019). Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on muscle soreness following exercise: a meta-analysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 89:348-356
    Used on: BCAA
  40. Shiraseb F et al. (2022). Effect of L-arginine supplementation on blood pressure in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Adv Nutr 13:1226-1242
    Used on: L-arginine
  41. Wu H et al. (2015). Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 61:168-175
    Used on: HMB
  42. Lin Z et al. (2021). Effects of oral administration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on lean body mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Geriatr Med 12:239-251
    Used on: HMB
  43. Kuang X et al. (2020). The combination effect of vitamin K and vitamin D on human bone quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 11:3280-3297
    Used on: Vitamin D, Vitamin K (K1, K2)
  44. Vyas CM et al. (2024). Effect of multivitamin-mineral supplementation versus placebo on cognitive function: COSMOS clinic subcohort and meta-analysis of 3 cognitive studies. Am J Clin Nutr 119:692-701
    Used on: Multivitamin
  45. Lee HW et al. (2022). Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) on semen quality parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 13:934740
    Used on: Maca
  46. Machowiec P et al. (2021). Effect of spirulina supplementation on systolic and diastolic blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 13:3054
    Used on: Spirulina
  47. Serban MC et al. (2016). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr 35:842-851
    Used on: Spirulina
  48. Sherafati N et al. (2022). Effect of supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris on lipid profile in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 66:102822
    Used on: Chlorella
  49. Zeng L et al. (2021). The efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa extract and curcumin supplements on osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 41:BSR20210817
    Used on: Turmeric (curcumin)
  50. Viljoen E et al. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J 13:20
    Used on: Ginger
  51. Ried K (2016). Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: an updated meta-analysis and review. J Nutr 146:389S-396S
    Used on: Garlic
  52. Saadh MJ et al. (2024). Effects of aged garlic extract on blood pressure in hypertensive patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 175:106914
    Used on: Garlic
  53. Zhu J et al. (2022). Efficacy of ginseng supplements on disease-related fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 101:e29767
    Used on: Ginseng
  54. Liang Y et al. (2019). Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis. Endocr J 66:51-63
    Used on: Berberine
  55. Rambaldi A et al. (2007). Milk thistle for alcoholic and/or hepatitis B or C virus liver diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003620
    Used on: Milk thistle
  56. Tacklind J et al. (2012). Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD001423
    Used on: Saw palmetto
  57. Leisegang K et al. (2022). Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) improves serum total testosterone in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Medicina (Kaunas) 58:1047
    Used on: Tongkat ali
  58. Goldenberg JZ et al. (2017). Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD006095
    Used on: Probiotics
  59. Guo Q et al. (2019). Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD004827
    Used on: Probiotics
  60. Jovanovski E et al. (2018). Effect of psyllium (Plantago ovata) fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 108:922-932
    Used on: Psyllium
  61. Klupp NL et al. (2015). Ganoderma lucidum mushroom for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD007259
    Used on: Reishi
  62. Zhou X et al. (2021). Systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of astaxanthin on human skin ageing. Nutrients 13:2917
    Used on: Astaxanthin

Randomised trial

  1. Manson JE et al. (2019). Vitamin D Supplements and Prevention of Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (VITAL). N Engl J Med 380:33-44
    Used on: Vitamin D
  2. Stoffel NU et al. (2017). Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women. Lancet Haematol 4(11):e524-e533
    Used on: Iron
  3. Schuette SA et al. (1994). Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18(5):430-435
    Used on: Magnesium
  4. Dyerberg J et al. (2010). Bioavailability of marine n-3 fatty acid formulations. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 83(3):137-141
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  5. Barrie SA et al. (1987). Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans. Agents Actions 21(1-2):223-228
    Used on: Zinc
  6. Recker RR (1985). Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med 313(2):70-73
    Used on: Calcium
  7. Ernawati E et al. (2026). Comparative bioavailability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and folic acid in pregnant women: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 76:105107
    Used on: Folate / Folic acid
  8. Sato T et al. (2012). Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. Nutr J 11:93
    Used on: Vitamin K (K1, K2)
  9. Knapen MHJ et al. (2013). Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 24(9):2499-2507
    Used on: Vitamin K (K1, K2)
  10. Klein EA et al. (2011). Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA 306(14):1549-1556
    Used on: Vitamin E, Selenium
  11. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group (1991). Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. Lancet 338:131-137
    Used on: Folate / Folic acid
  12. Chandrasekhar K, Kapoor J, Anishetty S (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian J Psychol Med 34(3):255-262
    Used on: Ashwagandha
  13. Bhatt DL et al. (2019). Cardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia (REDUCE-IT). N Engl J Med
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  14. Nicholls SJ et al. (2020). Effect of High-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acids vs Corn Oil on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (STRENGTH). JAMA 324:2268-2280 (ACC trial summary)
    Used on: Omega-3 (fish oil)
  15. Peikert A et al. (1996). Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 16(4):257-263
    Used on: Magnesium
  16. Vaucher P et al. (2012). Effect of iron supplementation on fatigue in nonanemic menstruating women with low ferritin: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 184(11):1247-1254
    Used on: Iron
  17. Huo Y et al. (2015). Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China (CSPPT). JAMA 313:1325-1335 (ACC trial summary)
    Used on: Folate / Folic acid
  18. Sanyal AJ et al. (2010). Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (PIVENS). N Engl J Med
    Used on: Vitamin E
  19. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration (AREDS report no. 8). Arch Ophthalmol 119:1417-1436
    Used on: Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Zinc, Copper
  20. Rønn SH et al. (ECTS 2016 abstract) (2016). The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Bone Abstracts 5:OC1.3
    Used on: Vitamin K (K1, K2)
  21. Caudill MA et al. (2018). Maternal choline supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy improves infant information processing speed: a randomized, double-blind, controlled feeding study. FASEB J
    Used on: Choline
  22. Lyoo IK et al. (2012). A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 169(9):937-945
    Used on: Creatine
  23. Jagim AR et al. (2012). A buffered form of creatine does not promote greater changes in muscle creatine content, body composition, or training adaptations than creatine monohydrate. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 9:43
    Used on: Creatine
  24. Eghbali E et al. (2024). Supplementing with which form of creatine (hydrochloride or monohydrate) alongside resistance training can have more impacts on anabolic/catabolic hormones, strength and body composition?. Physiol Res 73:739-753
    Used on: Creatine
  25. HPS2-THRIVE Collaborative Group (2014). Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 371:203-212 (ACC trial summary)
    Used on: Niacin (Vitamin B3)
  26. Yamadera W et al. (2007). Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes. Sleep Biol Rhythms
    Used on: Glycine
  27. Bannai M et al. (2012). The Effects of Glycine on Subjective Daytime Performance in Partially Sleep-Restricted Healthy Volunteers. Front Neurol 3:61
    Used on: Glycine
  28. Zheng JP et al. (PANTHEON) (2014). Twice daily N-acetylcysteine 600 mg for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet Respir Med (author interview)
    Used on: NAC (N-acetylcysteine)
  29. Hidese S et al. (2019). Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 11(10):2362
    Used on: L-theanine
  30. Giesbrecht T et al. (2010). The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci 13:283-290
    Used on: L-theanine
  31. Sun Q et al. (2016). Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension. Hypertension 67:541-549
    Used on: Taurine
  32. Candow DG et al. (2001). Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 86:142-149
    Used on: L-glutamine
  33. Schulman SP et al. (2006). L-arginine therapy in acute myocardial infarction: the VINTAGE MI randomized clinical trial. JAMA 295:58-64
    Used on: L-arginine
  34. Griffith RS et al. (1987). Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection: treatment and prophylaxis. Dermatologica 175:183-190
    Used on: L-lysine
  35. DiGiovanna JJ, Blank H (1984). Failure of lysine in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection: treatment and prophylaxis. Arch Dermatol 120:48-51
    Used on: L-lysine
  36. Deijen JB, Orlebeke JF (1994). Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress. Brain Res Bull 33:319-323
    Used on: L-tyrosine
  37. Gaziano JM et al. (2012). Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 308:1871-1880
    Used on: Multivitamin
  38. Sesso HD et al. (2022). Multivitamins in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease: the COSMOS randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 115:1501-1510
    Used on: Multivitamin
  39. Gonzales GF et al. (2002). Effect of Lepidium meyenii (maca) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men. Andrologia 34:367-372
    Used on: Maca
  40. Gómez-Martínez S et al. (2021). A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder on glycaemia in prediabetic subjects. Nutrients 14:57
    Used on: Moringa
  41. Ben-Arye E et al. (2002). Wheat grass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 37:444-449
    Used on: Wheatgrass
  42. Shep D et al. (2019). Safety and efficacy of curcumin versus diclofenac in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized open-label parallel-arm study. Trials 20:214
    Used on: Turmeric (curcumin)
  43. DeKosky ST et al. (2008). Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 300:2253-2262
    Used on: Ginkgo
  44. Yin J et al. (2008). Efficacy of berberine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 57:712-717
    Used on: Berberine
  45. Bent S et al. (2006). Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 354:557-566
    Used on: Saw palmetto
  46. Mori K et al. (2009). Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 23:367-372
    Used on: Lion's mane
  47. AREDS2 Research Group (2013). Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the AREDS2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 309:2005-2015
    Used on: Lutein (with zeaxanthin)
  48. Chew EY et al. (2015). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids, lutein/zeaxanthin, or other nutrient supplementation on cognitive function: the AREDS2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314:791-801
    Used on: Lutein (with zeaxanthin)
  49. Barel A et al. (2005). Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on skin, nails and hair in women with photodamaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res 297:147-153
    Used on: Silica (silicon)
  50. Wickett RR et al. (2007). Effect of oral intake of choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid on hair tensile strength and morphology in women with fine hair. Arch Dermatol Res 299:499-505
    Used on: Silica (silicon)
  51. Spector TD et al. (2008). Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid supplementation as an adjunct to calcium/vitamin D3 stimulates markers of bone formation in osteopenic females: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 9:85
    Used on: Silica (silicon)

Review / position paper

  1. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Buring JE (2020). Principal results of the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) and updated meta-analyses. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 198:105522
    Used on: Vitamin D, Omega-3 (fish oil)
  2. Kreider RB et al. (2017). ISSN position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:18
    Used on: Creatine
  3. Leone G et al. (2026). Iron therapy in pediatric iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia: efficacy, safety, and formulation-specific trade-offs. Hematol Rep 18(1):6
    Used on: Iron
  4. Grimes DR, Mahto A (2026). Hydrolyzed Collagen for Skin Aging Meta-Analyses Are Unreliable. J Cosmet Dermatol
    Used on: Collagen
  5. American Thyroid Association (2017). Iodine supplementation in women during preconception, pregnancy and lactation (Clinical Thyroidology for the Public 10(2)). American Thyroid Association
    Used on: Iodine
  6. NSCA (2019). Creatine (excerpt from NSCA's Guide to Sport and Exercise Nutrition). National Strength and Conditioning Association
    Used on: Creatine
  7. Antonio J et al. (2021). Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18(1)
    Used on: Creatine
  8. Jäger R et al. (2011). Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Amino Acids 40:1369-1383
    Used on: Creatine
  9. Rondanelli M et al. (2020). Pivotal role of boron supplementation on bone health: a narrative review. J Trace Elem Med Biol 62:126577
    Used on: Boron
  10. Williams JL et al. (2020). The effects of green tea amino acid L-theanine consumption on the ability to manage stress and anxiety levels: a systematic review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 75:12-23
    Used on: L-theanine
  11. Shao A, Hathcock JN (2008). Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50:376-399
    Used on: Taurine, L-glutamine, L-arginine
  12. Mielgo-Ayuso J et al. (2021). Effect of acute and chronic oral L-carnitine supplementation on exercise performance based on the exercise intensity: a systematic review. Nutrients 13(12):4359
    Used on: L-carnitine
  13. Belongia EA et al. (1992). The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and tryptophan. Annu Rev Nutr 12:235-256
    Used on: L-tryptophan
  14. Trexler ET et al. (2015). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: beta-alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12:30
    Used on: Beta-alanine
  15. Wolfe RR (2017). Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 14:30
    Used on: BCAA
  16. Mailoo VJ, Rampes S (2017). Lysine for herpes simplex prophylaxis: a review of the evidence. Integr Med (Encinitas) 16:42-46
    Used on: L-lysine
  17. Rathmacher JA et al. (2025). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB). J Int Soc Sports Nutr 22:2434734
    Used on: HMB
  18. Jongkees BJ et al. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands: a review. J Psychiatr Res 70:50-57
    Used on: L-tyrosine
  19. Akaogi J et al. (2006). Role of non-protein amino acid L-canavanine in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 5:429-435
    Used on: Alfalfa
  20. Mousa SA (2010). Antithrombotic effects of naturally derived products on coagulation and platelet function. Methods Mol Biol 663:229-240
    Used on: Alfalfa, Ginger, Garlic, Ginkgo
  21. Sadeghian M et al. (2021). Ginseng and cancer-related fatigue: a systematic review of clinical trials. Nutr Cancer 73:1270-1281
    Used on: Ginseng
  22. Ishaque S et al. (2012). Rhodiola rosea for physical and mental fatigue: a systematic review. BMC Complement Altern Med 12:70
    Used on: Rhodiola
  23. Ng QX et al. (2021). Effects of astaxanthin supplementation on skin health: a systematic review of clinical studies. J Diet Suppl 18:169-182
    Used on: Astaxanthin

Regulatory news

  1. NutraIngredients (2026). Timeline: melatonin's journey from laboratory research to potential Article 8 status. NutraIngredients (news)
    Used on: Melatonin

Study

  1. Gill SK et al. (2011). Systemic bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of the doxylamine-pyridoxine delayed-release combination. Ther Drug Monit 33(1):115-119
    Used on: Vitamin B6
  2. Hultman E et al. (1996). Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 81(1):232-237
    Used on: Creatine
  3. Naghii MR et al. (2011). Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. J Trace Elem Med Biol 25:54-58
    Used on: Boron
  4. Koeth RA et al. (2013). Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis. Nat Med 19:576-585
    Used on: L-carnitine
  5. Aakre I et al. (2021). Commercially available kelp and seaweed products: valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake?. Food Nutr Res 65
    Used on: Kelp
  6. Watanabe F et al. (2002). Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B12-compounds from edible algae. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 48:325-331
    Used on: Spirulina, Chlorella
  7. Nakabayashi T (1957). Isolation of the thiamine-decomposing factor of horsetail. J Vitaminol (Kyoto) 3:129-134
    Used on: Horsetail
  8. Sripanyakorn S et al. (2004). The silicon content of beer and its bioavailability in healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 91:403-409